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Table of Contents
Principles Involved and Procedures Adopted in Dispensing of Typical Prescriptions
1. Mixtures
Mixtures are liquid preparations with one or more medicinal agents in a suspension or solution, usually intended for oral administration.
Types:
- Suspension mixtures: Contain insoluble particles dispersed in a liquid.
- Solution mixtures: Contain medicinal agents completely dissolved in the liquid vehicle.
Use:
Administered orally for various therapeutic purposes (e.g., cough, gastrointestinal discomfort).
Manufacturing Process:
- Mixtures are liquid preparations containing one or more active ingredients dissolved or suspended in a liquid medium.
- Ingredients are mixed in a suitable solvent, usually water or alcohol, and stirred until homogeneity is achieved.
Formula:
- Active ingredient(s)
- Solvent (Water, Alcohol, Glycerin, etc.)
- Preservatives (optional, e.g., methylparaben)
- Flavors and colors (optional)
Advantages:
- Easy to prepare.
- Can be administered orally or topically.
- Ideal for patients who cannot swallow tablets or capsules.
Disadvantages:
- Short shelf life due to instability.
- May require refrigeration.
- Bulkier than tablets or capsules.
Dispensing Procedure:
- Measure ingredients accurately.
- If in suspension, mix the insoluble substances uniformly in the vehicle.
- Dispense with labels indicating “Shake well before use.”
2. Solutions
Solutions are clear, homogenous liquid preparations where medicinal agents are fully dissolved in a solvent.
Types:
- Aqueous solutions: Water as solvent.
- Alcoholic solutions: Alcohol as solvent.
Use:
For oral, topical, or injectable administration depending on the therapeutic need.
Manufacturing Process:
- Solutions are clear liquid preparations containing dissolved substances.
- Ingredients (active and inactive) are dissolved in an appropriate solvent under controlled conditions.
Formula:
- Active ingredient(s)
- Solvent (Water, alcohol, or other appropriate liquid)
- Preservatives (e.g., benzoic acid)
- Stabilizers (if necessary)
Advantages:
- Immediate absorption due to the dissolved state of the drug.
- Suitable for patients with swallowing difficulties.
- Accurate dosing via a measuring spoon or dropper.
Disadvantages:
- May require special storage conditions (e.g., refrigeration).
- Short shelf life if preservatives are not used.
- Less stable than solid dosage forms.
Dispensing Procedure:
- Accurately measure and dissolve the solute in the solvent.
- Filter if necessary to ensure clarity.
- Label with directions for use and storage instructions.
3. Emulsions
Emulsions are mixtures of two immiscible liquids (oil and water) stabilized by an emulsifier.
Types:
- Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions: Oil droplets dispersed in water.
- Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions: Water droplets dispersed in oil.
Use:
For oral or topical administration (e.g., nutrient supplements, skin moisturizers).
Manufacturing Process:
- An emulsion is a two-phase liquid system, with one liquid dispersed in another (usually oil in water or water in oil).
- Emulsifiers (e.g., lecithin) are used to stabilize the emulsion.
Formula:
- Active ingredient(s)
- Oil phase (e.g., castor oil, vegetable oils)
- Aqueous phase (e.g., water, glycerin)
- Emulsifiers
- Preservatives and stabilizers
Advantages:
- Can be used for both topical and oral administration.
- Easier to swallow than pure oils.
- Improved absorption of certain drugs.
Disadvantages:
- Stability issues (separation of phases).
- Requires proper storage and handling.
- Preparation is more complex than simple solutions.
Dispensing Procedure:
- Select appropriate emulsifying agents.
- Mix the two phases using high-shear mixing.
- Dispense with labels indicating “Shake well before use.”
4. Creams
Creams are semisolid emulsions, often oil-in-water, intended for external application.
Types:
- Hydrophilic creams: Water-based and easily washable.
- Lipophilic creams: Oil-based, suitable for dry skin conditions.
Use:
For topical application to treat skin conditions, moisturize, or deliver drugs.
Manufacturing Process:
- Creams are emulsions that have a higher water content and are typically intended for topical use.
- The oil and water phases are blended with emulsifiers to create a smooth, uniform product.
Formula:
- Active ingredient(s)
- Water and oil phase
- Emulsifiers (e.g., cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol)
- Preservatives
Advantages:
- Suitable for a variety of skin conditions.
- Less greasy compared to ointments.
- Used for both moisturizing and medicinal purposes.
Disadvantages:
- Can cause irritation in sensitive skin types.
- Short shelf life due to water content.
- May require refrigeration for stability.
Dispensing Procedure:
- Prepare the oil and water phases separately.
- Mix while cooling, adding heat-sensitive ingredients last.
- Label for external use with specific application instructions.
5. Ointments
Ointments are semisolid preparations with a greasy or water-soluble base, intended for topical application.
Types:
- Hydrocarbon bases: Petrolatum, for occlusive effects.
- Water-soluble bases: PEG ointment, non-greasy and washable.
Use:
For skin protection, hydration, or as a vehicle for drug delivery.
Manufacturing Process:
- Ointments are semi-solid preparations, generally greasy, used for topical application.
- The active ingredient is dissolved or suspended in a base, which could be petroleum jelly, lanolin, or a synthetic base.
Formula:
- Active ingredient(s)
- Ointment base (e.g., petrolatum, lanolin, or paraffin)
- Preservatives (optional)
Advantages:
- Provide long-lasting effects and moisturization.
- Best for dry or chapped skin conditions.
- Easy to apply and has good adherence to the skin.
Disadvantages:
- Greasy, which may not be desirable for all patients.
- Difficult to remove from the skin.
- May stain clothes or linens.
Dispensing Procedure:
- Combine active ingredients using levigation for homogeneity.
- Use a spatula or mortar to blend the components.
- Label for external use only.
6. Powders
Powders are solid dosage forms with fine particles, intended for external or internal use.
Types:
- Bulk powders: Dosed in large quantities, often for external application.
- Divided powders: Packaged in individual doses.
Use:
For dusting, oral consumption, or as excipients in capsule/tablet preparation.
Manufacturing Process:
- Powders are solid dosage forms composed of one or more active ingredients in fine powder form.
- The powders are mixed and sieved to ensure uniformity and appropriate particle size.
Formula:
- Active ingredient(s)
- Inert fillers (e.g., starch, talc)
- Flow agents (e.g., magnesium stearate)
Advantages:
- Easy to store and handle.
- Rapid absorption when used as oral preparations.
- Can be applied topically for certain conditions.
Disadvantages:
- Dust can be irritating to the lungs.
- Poor patient compliance with oral powders.
- Potential for incorrect dosing without proper dispensing tools.
Dispensing Procedure:
- Triturate ingredients for uniform particle size.
- Divide and package into sachets or bottles.
- Label with usage instructions and dosage.
7. Capsules
Capsules are solid dosage forms where medicinal agents are enclosed in a gelatin shell.
Types:
- Hard gelatin capsules: For powdered medications.
- Soft gelatin capsules: For oils and liquid drugs.
Use:
For oral administration, especially for taste-masking or sensitive drugs.
Manufacturing Process:
- Capsules are solid dosage forms in which the active drug is enclosed within a gelatin shell.
- The active ingredient(s) are placed inside the capsule shell, either as powders, granules, or liquids.
Formula:
- Active ingredient(s)
- Gelatin (or other capsule-forming materials)
- Excipients (e.g., fillers, lubricants)
Advantages:
- Easy to swallow, especially for children and elderly patients.
- Better bioavailability for some drugs.
- Accurate dosing.
Disadvantages:
- May cause difficulty swallowing for some patients.
- Cannot be used for drugs that are sensitive to heat (gelatin capsules may melt).
- Can be more expensive than tablets.
Dispensing Procedure:
- Measure and fill the capsules accurately.
- Ensure uniform distribution of the active ingredients.
- Label with instructions for swallowing whole.
8. Pastes
Pastes are thick semisolid preparations containing a high percentage of finely powdered ingredients, intended for skin application.
Types:
- Oleaginous pastes: Greasy and adherent, ideal for long-lasting effect.
- Water-miscible pastes: Less greasy, easier to wash off.
Use:
To protect or soothe the skin, commonly used for diaper rashes and wounds.
Manufacturing Process:
- Pastes are thick, viscous preparations, generally used for topical application.
- They are prepared by mixing active ingredients with a base (such as zinc oxide) to form a smooth, thick consistency.
Formula:
- Active ingredient(s)
- Thickening agents (e.g., starch, zinc oxide)
- Base (e.g., petrolatum or lanolin)
Advantages:
- Effective for localized treatment of skin conditions.
- Adheres well to the skin, providing prolonged action.
- Protective barrier against irritation.
Disadvantages:
- Greasy and difficult to remove.
- May cause skin irritation in some patients.
- Can be messy to apply.
Dispensing Procedure:
- Mix active powders with the base thoroughly.
- Ensure even distribution and a consistent, thick texture.
- Label for external use.
9. Jellies
Jellies are transparent or translucent gels with a high water content, providing cooling and soothing effects.
Types:
- Medicated jellies: Contain therapeutic agents for topical application.
- Non-medicated jellies: Used as lubricants or cooling agents.
Use:
For topical application on skin or mucous membranes.
Manufacturing Process:
- Jellies are semi-solid preparations with a jelly-like consistency, typically made using gelatin or cellulose derivatives as gelling agents.
- Ingredients are mixed, and the gelling agent is dissolved in water.
Formula:
- Active ingredient(s)
- Gelling agent (e.g., gelatin, pectin, or cellulose)
- Solvents (e.g., water or alcohol)
- Preservatives
Advantages:
- Transparent and non-greasy, making them aesthetically pleasant.
- Used for topical applications, especially for mucosal membranes.
- Non-irritating to the skin.
Disadvantages:
- Limited shelf life due to the water content.
- May not adhere well to the skin for long durations.
Dispensing Procedure:
- Disperse the active ingredients evenly in the gel base.
- Ensure a smooth consistency.
- Label with directions for application.
10. Suppositories
Suppositories are solid dosage forms intended for insertion into body cavities, where they melt or dissolve.
Types:
- Rectal suppositories: For rectal administration.
- Vaginal suppositories: For vaginal application.
Use:
To deliver medication via mucous membranes, bypassing oral or intravenous routes.
Manufacturing Process:
- Suppositories are solid dosage forms designed to be inserted into the body via the rectum, urethra, or vagina.
- The active drug is combined with a base that melts or dissolves at body temperature.
Formula:
- Active ingredient(s)
- Suppository base (e.g., cocoa butter, glycerin, polyethylene glycol)
- Stabilizers
Advantages:
- Bypasses the gastrointestinal tract, making them suitable for patients with swallowing difficulties.
- Effective for localized treatment in the rectum, vagina, or urethra.
Disadvantages:
- Can be uncomfortable to administer.
- May melt at room temperature.
- Short shelf life if not stored properly.
Dispensing Procedure:
- Prepare molds and pour molten base with active ingredients.
- Allow to solidify and package individually.
- Label with storage instructions and administration guidance.
11. Ophthalmic Preparations
These are sterile, isotonic solutions or suspensions designed for ocular application.
Types:
- Eye drops: Liquid form for direct application.
- Eye ointments: Semisolid form for longer contact time.
Use:
To deliver medication to the eye for local effects.
Manufacturing Process:
- Ophthalmic preparations include solutions, suspensions, and ointments designed for the eyes.
- These are prepared under aseptic conditions to prevent contamination, as the eye is highly sensitive to infections.
Formula:
- Active ingredient(s)
- Solvent (usually water)
- Preservatives (e.g., benzalkonium chloride)
- Buffering agents for pH adjustment
Advantages:
- Direct application to the eye for fast action.
- Available in various forms (drops, ointments, gels).
Disadvantages:
- Potential for contamination if not used properly.
- Can cause irritation or allergic reactions in sensitive patients.
Dispensing Procedure:
- Maintain sterility throughout preparation.
- Adjust pH and isotonicity as needed.
- Label with instructions for sterile use.
12. Lozenges and Pastilles
Solid, flavored, medicated preparations intended to dissolve slowly in the mouth.
Types:
- Lozenges: Usually sugar-based, for soothing throat irritation.
- Pastilles: Gum-like texture for controlled release.
Use:
Primarily for sore throat relief or local oral conditions.
Pastilles
Manufacturing Process:
- Pastilles are solid, chewable dosage forms, often used for local action in the mouth, throat, or to provide systemic effects.
- The active ingredient is mixed with a base like gelatin, sugar, or syrup, and then molded into small, chewy lozenges.
Formula:
- Active ingredient(s)
- Sugar or syrup
- Gelatin or gelling agent
- Flavors or colors (optional)
- Preservatives (optional)
Advantages:
- Ideal for treating local conditions in the mouth and throat.
- Easy to carry and use.
- Pleasant taste, which can improve patient compliance.
Disadvantages:
- Can be sticky and unpleasant if not formulated properly.
- May not be suitable for people with dietary restrictions (e.g., diabetics).
- Limited to localized effects, not suitable for systemic treatment.
Lozenges
Manufacturing Process:
- Lozenges are solid dosage forms designed to dissolve slowly in the mouth, releasing the active ingredient over time.
- Lozenges are typically made by dissolving sugar or syrup and mixing with the active ingredient, followed by molding into shape.
Formula:
- Active ingredient(s)
- Sugar or syrup (e.g., sucrose, glucose)
- Flavors (e.g., menthol, peppermint)
- Binding agents (e.g., gum arabic)
Advantages:
- Provides controlled and prolonged release of the drug.
- Convenient and portable.
- Non-invasive; ideal for throat conditions and cough relief.
Disadvantages:
- Can cause throat irritation if used excessively.
- Not suitable for patients who have difficulty swallowing or those with allergies to specific ingredients.
- May cause dental issues if used frequently.
Dispensing Procedure:
- Mold or compress ingredients into lozenge shapes.
- Package in moisture-proof wrappers.
- Label with dosage and directions for oral use.
13. Pills
Pills are solid dosage forms traditionally made by hand, though tablets have largely replaced them.
Types:
Traditional, handmade or compressed forms.
Use:
For oral administration, often containing herbal or compound medications.
Manufacturing Process:
- Pills are solid, round, or oval-shaped dosage forms that were traditionally made by rolling or molding a paste of active ingredients with excipients into shape.
- They are less commonly used today but can still be found for certain formulations.
Formula:
- Active ingredient(s)
- Binder (e.g., starch, gum acacia)
- Filler (e.g., sugar, talc)
Advantages:
- Easy to manufacture and shape.
- Can be coated for ease of swallowing or to mask taste.
- Provides a slow release of medication over time.
Disadvantages:
- More prone to degradation compared to modern tablets and capsules.
- Hard to dose accurately due to irregularities in shape.
- May be more difficult for some patients to swallow.
Dispensing Procedure:
- Formulate with excipients and mold into uniform shapes.
- Coat if needed to mask taste.
- Label for oral use and dosage instructions.
14. Lotions and Liniments
Lotions are liquid preparations for external application, and liniments are applied with friction.
Types:
- Aqueous lotions: Water-based for sensitive skin.
- Oily liniments: For relief of muscle aches.
Use:
Applied topically for cooling, soothing, or pain-relief effects.
Lotions
Manufacturing Process:
- Lotions are thin liquid preparations used for application to the skin, typically composed of an aqueous solution of active ingredients.
- They are generally prepared by mixing water with other active ingredients, emulsifiers, and stabilizers.
Formula:
- Active ingredient(s)
- Water or alcohol
- Emulsifiers (e.g., stearic acid, cetyl alcohol)
- Preservatives (e.g., methylparaben)
Advantages:
- Easy to apply to large areas of skin.
- Non-greasy formulation is ideal for oily skin types.
- Can provide cooling and soothing effects.
Disadvantages:
- Can be less effective for extremely dry skin compared to creams or ointments.
- May require shaking before use to ensure uniformity.
- Can cause irritation in sensitive individuals.
Liniments
Manufacturing Process:
- Liniments are liquid or semi-liquid preparations that are applied to the skin, often with rubbing to relieve pain, inflammation, or muscle stiffness.
- They are made by dissolving or suspending active ingredients in alcohol, oil, or a combination of both.
Formula:
- Active ingredient(s)
- Alcohol, oils, or a mixture (e.g., castor oil, methyl salicylate)
- Water or other solvents
- Menthol or camphor for cooling effect (optional)
Advantages:
- Effective for muscular or joint pain relief.
- Provides quick penetration and soothing effects.
- Non-invasive and easy to apply.
Disadvantages:
- Can cause skin irritation or burning sensation.
- May be greasy or difficult to remove.
- Not suitable for sensitive skin areas.
Dispensing Procedure:
- Combine ingredients and mix well.
- Label with “For External Use Only.”
15. Inhalations and Sprays
These deliver medications as a mist or fine particles for respiratory tract absorption.
Types:
- Nebulizer solutions: Liquid form for inhalation devices.
- Metered-dose inhalers: Aerosol form.
Use:
For conditions like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Inhalations
Manufacturing Process:
- Inhalation products are designed for the administration of drugs through the respiratory system, typically in the form of aerosolized liquids or powders.
- These products are prepared using a variety of devices like inhalers, nebulizers, or vaporizers.
Formula:
- Active ingredient(s) (e.g., bronchodilators, corticosteroids)
- Propellant (for aerosol preparations)
- Stabilizers and excipients (for powders)
Advantages:
- Direct delivery to the respiratory system for rapid action.
- Can be effective for treating conditions like asthma, COPD, or other respiratory diseases.
- Minimal systemic side effects compared to oral drugs.
Disadvantages:
- Requires proper technique to use effectively.
- Can cause throat irritation or dry mouth.
- Not suitable for patients with certain lung conditions or those unable to use inhalers properly.
Sprays
Manufacturing Process:
- Sprays are liquid preparations that are aerosolized and dispensed in a fine mist.
- Active ingredients are mixed with propellants and excipients to ensure proper delivery through the spray nozzle.
Formula:
- Active ingredient(s)
- Propellant (e.g., hydrofluoroalkane)
- Stabilizers and excipients
Advantages:
- Convenient for delivering medications to hard-to-reach areas (e.g., scalp, respiratory system).
- Provides controlled dosing with each spray.
- Non-invasive and easy to apply.
Disadvantages:
- Can be difficult to control the exact dosage.
- Some formulations may cause irritation to the skin or respiratory tract.
- May not be suitable for patients with asthma or allergies.
Dispensing Procedure:
- Ensure precise dosage and particle size.
- Label with inhalation instructions.
16. Tablet Triturates
Small, rapidly dissolving tablets used for sublingual or buccal administration.
Types:
- Compressed triturates: High compression.
- Molded triturates: Low compression for rapid dissolution.
Use:
For immediate onset of action, often for emergency medications.
Manufacturing Process:
- Tablet triturates are tablets prepared by triturating or grinding finely powdered drug into a base (lactose or other excipients) and compressing into small tablets.
- They are usually designed for sublingual administration and dissolve quickly in the mouth.
Formula:
- Active ingredient(s)
- Lactose or other excipients
- Binding agents (e.g., starch)
Advantages:
- Rapid absorption through the sublingual route.
- Easy to use and portable.
- Can be used for drugs that need to be absorbed quickly.
Disadvantages:
- Limited to drugs that are effective via the sublingual route.
- May be difficult to prepare for certain active ingredients.
- Can have a strong taste if not coated.
Dispensing Procedure:
- Measure ingredients and compress or mold to create uniform tablets.
- Label with specific administration instructions.
17. Paints
Pharmaceutical paints are liquid preparations used for external application to the skin. These preparations are typically used for the treatment of localized skin conditions and are designed to provide a thin, even coating that dries to form a protective layer over the affected area.
Types of Pharmaceutical Paints:
- Astringent Paints:
- Composition: Contain astringent agents such as zinc oxide, aluminum acetate, or tannic acid.
- Uses: Primarily used to treat conditions that cause inflammation, irritation, or excessive discharge, such as skin ulcers, eczema, or dermatitis. They act by causing proteins in the tissue to coagulate, leading to a drying and protective effect.
- Antiseptic Paints:
- Composition: Contain antiseptic agents such as iodine, potassium permanganate, or chlorhexidine.
- Uses: Used to prevent or treat infections in wounds, cuts, abrasions, or burns. They work by killing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms on the skin.
- Emollient Paints:
- Composition: Contain soothing agents such as glycerin, lanolin, or soft paraffin.
- Uses: Used for dry, cracked, or inflamed skin. These paints help to soften the skin, maintain hydration, and soothe irritation.
- Fungicidal Paints:
- Composition: Contain antifungal agents such as miconazole, clotrimazole, or tolnaftate.
- Uses: Primarily used for treating fungal skin infections, including athlete’s foot, ringworm, and other dermatophyte infections.
- Irritant or Counterirritant Paints:
- Composition: Contain substances such as capsicum, camphor, menthol, or methyl salicylate.
- Uses: These paints are used for their local irritant effects, which can increase circulation to the affected area. They are commonly used for muscle and joint pain, and certain types of inflammatory conditions.
- Protective or Barrier Paints:
- Composition: Contain substances like zinc oxide or calamine, often with added preservatives.
- Uses: These paints are used to protect the skin from irritation or mechanical injury. They are often used in treating diaper rash, burns, or preventing pressure sores.
Use of Pharmaceutical Paints:
Pharmaceutical paints are generally intended for local action and are used primarily for the treatment of various dermatological conditions. The paint forms a thin, protective layer that protects the skin from further damage, prevents infection, and promotes healing. Their applications include:
- Wound care: To provide antiseptic protection and prevent infection in wounds, cuts, abrasions, and surgical incisions.
- Skin irritations: To soothe and protect the skin from irritants caused by eczema, dermatitis, or allergic reactions.
- Burns: To form a protective layer over minor burns and prevent infection.
- Fungal infections: To treat localized fungal infections, such as athlete’s foot or ringworm.
- Ulcers: For treating skin ulcers, especially in patients with conditions like diabetes.
- Other dermatological conditions: Including psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, and other skin disorders.
Manufacturing Process:
- Paints are liquid preparations used for topical application, typically to treat skin conditions.
- The active ingredient is dissolved in an appropriate solvent, and the solution is prepared to provide a thin, even coat on the skin.
Formula:
- Active ingredient(s)
- Solvent (e.g., alcohol, acetone)
- Coloring agents (optional)
- Preservatives (optional)
Advantages:
- Provides a uniform, thin layer of medication for skin treatment.
- Easy to apply and can cover large surface areas.
Disadvantages:
- Can be difficult to remove from the skin or clothing.
- May cause skin irritation or burning sensation if misused.
- Not suitable for sensitive skin areas.
Dispensing Procedure for Pharmaceutical Paints:
Proper labeling is critical to ensure the safe and correct use of pharmaceutical paints. The label should include:
MCQs on Principles Involved and Procedures Adopted in Dispensing of Typical Prescriptions
1. Which of the following is true about mixtures?
A. They are always water-in-oil emulsions.
B. They are suspensions or solutions for oral use.
C. They are semisolid preparations.
D. They are exclusively used for topical applications.
Answer: B
2. What label is essential for mixtures containing insoluble particles?
A. “For external use only.”
B. “Store in a cool, dry place.”
C. “Shake well before use.”
D. “Not to be taken on an empty stomach.”
Answer: C
3. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of solutions?
A. Homogeneous distribution of the drug.
B. Easier to swallow.
C. Stable for years without preservatives.
D. Rapid absorption in the body.
Answer: C
4. Which solvent is used for preparing aqueous solutions?
A. Alcohol
B. Propylene glycol
C. Purified water
D. Mineral oil
Answer: C
5. Emulsions consist of:
A. Two immiscible liquids stabilized by an emulsifier.
B. Homogeneous solid dispersions.
C. Aqueous solutions only.
D. Isotonic preparations.
Answer: A
6. Which emulsifier is used for oil-in-water emulsions?
A. Tween
B. Beeswax
C. Acacia
D. Hard paraffin
Answer: A
7. Which type of cream is washable and less greasy?
A. Lipophilic cream
B. Water-in-oil cream
C. Hydrophilic cream
D. Lanolin cream
Answer: C
8. Creams are generally used for:
A. Systemic drug delivery
B. Oral administration
C. Topical application
D. Inhalation therapy
Answer: C
9. Which is NOT a base used in ointment preparation?
A. Hydrocarbon base
B. Emulsifying wax
C. PEG (Polyethylene glycol)
D. Talc
Answer: D
10. Ointments are intended for:
A. Internal application
B. Sterilization of wounds
C. External application
D. Oral drug delivery
Answer: C
11. Which type of powder is packed into individual doses?
A. Bulk powders
B. Dusting powders
C. Divided powders
D. Granules
Answer: C
12. Which is an essential step in powder preparation?
A. Emulsification
B. Levigation
C. Trituration
D. Distillation
Answer: C
13. Hard gelatin capsules are used for:
A. Liquid medications
B. Powdered or granulated drugs
C. Oily substances
D. Injectables
Answer: B
14. Which is true about capsules?
A. They are used only for external use.
B. Capsules can only deliver water-insoluble drugs.
C. Capsules are enclosed in a gelatin shell.
D. Capsules are exclusively liquid dosage forms.
Answer: C
15. Pastes are thicker than:
A. Lotions
B. Ointments
C. Creams
D. Gels
Answer: B
16. What is the primary use of pastes?
A. Oral administration
B. Inhalation therapy
C. Topical protection or soothing
D. Ophthalmic application
Answer: C
17. Jellies are primarily used for:
A. Skin cooling and soothing
B. Oral administration
C. Injectable preparations
D. Rectal administration
Answer: A
18. The texture of jellies is maintained by:
A. Alcohol
B. Glycerin
C. Gelling agents like carbopol
D. Acacia gum
Answer: C
19. Suppositories are intended for:
A. Topical application only
B. Oral administration
C. Insertion into body cavities
D. Ophthalmic application
Answer: C
20. The melting base in suppositories is commonly:
A. Gelatin
B. Cocoa butter
C. Paraffin
D. Beeswax
Answer: B
21. Ophthalmic preparations must be:
A. Sterile and isotonic
B. Only isotonic
C. Free from preservatives
D. Hypertonic
Answer: A
22. Which preparation is used for prolonged action in the eye?
A. Eye drops
B. Eye ointments
C. Eye sprays
D. Ophthalmic lotions
Answer: B
23. Lozenges are intended for:
A. Rapid swallowing
B. Dissolution in the oral cavity
C. Nasal administration
D. Injectable use
Answer: B
24. Pastilles differ from lozenges in:
A. Shape
B. Texture (softer)
C. Active ingredient
D. Dosage form
Answer: B
25. Pills are mostly replaced by:
A. Syrups
B. Tablets
C. Powders
D. Liniments
Answer: B
26. Which method is used to coat pills?
A. Compression
B. Pan coating
C. Mixing
D. Emulsification
Answer: B
27. Lotions are applied:
A. By rubbing
B. Without friction
C. Orally
D. By inhalation
Answer: B
28. Liniments are used for:
A. Oral administration
B. Friction application
C. Nasal sprays
D. Intravenous use
Answer: B
29. Metered-dose inhalers deliver drugs as:
A. Tablets
B. Fine particles
C. Suppositories
D. Capsules
Answer: B
30. Nebulizers are commonly used for:
A. Oral medications
B. Skin conditions
C. Respiratory drug delivery
D. Eye drops
Answer: C
31. Throat paints are used for:
A. Systemic infections
B. Local antiseptic action
C. Nasal irritation
D. Eye infections
Answer: B
32. Sprays are used for:
A. Oral tablets
B. Topical or mucosal application
C. Injectable drugs
D. Suppositories
Answer: B
33. Tablet triturates are used for:
A. Delayed-release medications
B. Rapid absorption through buccal or sublingual routes
C. Intramuscular administration
D. Sustained-release effects
Answer: B
34. Molding of tablet triturates ensures:
A. Slow absorption
B. Rapid dissolution
C. Minimal disintegration
D. Incomplete mixing
Answer: B
35. Lotions differ from liniments as they are:
A. Used for systemic drug delivery
B. Applied without rubbing or friction
C. Intended for oral administration
D. Used only for eye treatments
Answer: B
36. An essential property of lotions is:
A. High viscosity
B. Sterility
C. Low viscosity for easy spreadability
D. Greasiness
Answer: C
37. Liniments are best suited for:
A. Dry skin conditions
B. Muscle pain relief and joint inflammation
C. Oral ulcers
D. Sterile applications
Answer: B
38. What is the primary base in liniments?
A. Water
B. Alcohol or oil
C. Glycerin
D. Gelatin
Answer: B
39. The primary advantage of inhalation therapy is:
A. High systemic absorption
B. Direct delivery to the respiratory tract
C. Easy storage requirements
D. Use in injectable form
Answer: B
40. Which device is NOT used for inhalation therapy?
A. Nebulizer
B. Inhaler
C. Atomizer
D. Sublingual spray
Answer: D
41. Which type of paint is used for oral infections?
A. Nasal paint
B. Throat paint
C. Skin paint
D. Eye paint
Answer: B
42. Paints are typically formulated with:
A. Volatile solvents for quick drying
B. Oils for sustained action
C. Waxes for emulsification
D. Water for dispersion
Answer: A
43. A common use of medical sprays is:
A. Intramuscular drug delivery
B. Surface antisepsis and localized drug delivery
C. Eye lubrication
D. Capsule filling
Answer: B
44. Which type of spray is used for nasal congestion?
A. Oral spray
B. Nasal spray
C. Skin spray
D. Throat spray
Answer: B
45. Tablet triturates are most suitable for:
A. Sustained-release action
B. Rapid absorption in the oral cavity
C. Topical use
D. Rectal administration
Answer: B
46. The primary component of tablet triturates for molding is:
A. Sugar base for easy dissolution
B. Alcohol for volatility
C. Gelatin for hardness
D. Wax for binding
Answer: A
47. Soft gelatin capsules are best suited for:
A. Solid powders
B. Liquid or semisolid drugs
C. Injectable drugs
D. Aerosolized drugs
Answer: B
48. Which of the following is true about capsule filling?
A. Capsules are always filled manually.
B. Uniform particle size of powders ensures proper filling.
C. Capsules cannot contain oils.
D. Capsule shells dissolve in alkaline pH only.
Answer: B
49. An important property of ointment bases is:
A. Solubility in water
B. Ability to release drugs for topical absorption
C. High viscosity for oral use
D. Quick evaporation
Answer: B
50. Ointments are sterilized by:
A. Autoclaving
B. Dry heat method
C. UV radiation
D. Filtration
Answer: A
51. Which of the following creams is used for water-soluble drugs?
A. Water-in-oil cream
B. Oil-in-water cream
C. Hydrocarbon-based cream
D. Silicone cream
Answer: B
52. The emulsifier used in oil-in-water creams is typically:
A. Paraffin
B. Lanolin
C. Polysorbates (Tweens)
D. Beeswax
Answer: C
53. Dusting powders are used for:
A. Oral drug delivery
B. External application for wounds or rashes
C. Filling capsules
D. Eye infections
Answer: B
54. What is the role of diluents in powder formulation?
A. Increase potency
B. Improve flow properties
C. Enhance drug absorption
D. Prevent caking
Answer: B
55. The gelling agent in jellies ensures:
A. Sustained drug release
B. Spreadability and soothing action
C. Absorption in the stomach
D. Reduction in drug potency
Answer: B
56. Jellies are primarily used in:
A. Eye infections
B. Burns and skin conditions
C. Oral drug delivery
D. Injectable forms
Answer: B
57. Glycerinated gelatin is used as a base for:
A. Oral tablets
B. Vaginal suppositories
C. Inhalers
D. Liniments
Answer: B
58. The displacement value is essential for:
A. Determining the volume of the suppository mold
B. Calculating capsule shell weight
C. Measuring ointment consistency
D. Adjusting isotonic solutions
Answer: A
Also, Visit:
B. Pharma Previous Year Question Paper
B. Pharma 8th Semester Previous Year Question Paper
D. Pharma Notes